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What is a Nephron A nephron is the unit of structure and function in the kidney. Each nephron is a coiled tube held together by a tough fibrous connective tissue. In humans, a healthy adult has 1 to 1.5 million nephrons in each kidney, functioning together to filter blood from all its impurities. They also regulate blood pressure, control electrolytes, and regulate blood pH. Nephron Parts & Structure Diagram Where Are They Located The most advanced nephrons occur in the kidneys of adult land vertebrates, such as reptiles, birds, and mammals, whereas those found in amphibians and most fishes are less advanced....

Projectile motion is the motion of an object that is thrown or launched into the air and moves along a curved path due to the force of gravity. It happens when an object has an initial forward velocity and is pulled downward by gravity, causing it to follow a predictable arc-shaped path. Examples include a ball being thrown, a rocket launched at an angle, or water sprayed from a hose....

Protein phosphorylation is the addition of phosphate group (PO4) to the polar R-group of various amino acids. It is an essential post-translational modification (PTM) of proteins by a group of enzymes called protein kinases. It modifies the structural conformation of a protein, changing its activity, and making it activated or inactivated. In each of these proteins, there are specific sites for phosphorylation. Some common amino acids phosphorylated are tyrosine, serine, and threonine in eukaryotes and also histidine in prokaryotes....

Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) are the largest cell surface receptors with tyrosine kinase activity. Thus, RTKs differ from other receptors because they contain intrinsic enzyme activity. Like all cell surface receptors, they also receive and transmit environmental signals. Epidermal growth factor receptors (EGFRs), insulin receptors (IRs), and platelet-derived growth factor receptors (PDGFRs) are some examples of RTKs. RTKs are essential in cellular growth, survival, differentiation, metabolism, and migration. Structure of Receptor Tyrosine Kinases All RTKs have an analogous molecular architecture with three domains:...

What is Reproduction in Plants Reproduction is the biological process of producing offspring of the same type and species. Like any other living being, plants also need to reproduce to continue their race by passing on their genes to future generations. Plants reproduce in two ways: 1) sexual and 2) asexual. 1) Sexual Reproduction Sexual reproduction involves the participation of two parents. Here, offspring are produced by combining the genetic material of male and female sex cells or gametes through fertilization....

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Adaptive radiation is an evolutionary event in which a lineage rapidly diversifies to form multiple lineages, each differing in some adaptive feature. Each of these new species differs in traits such as diet, habitat preference, or behavior, which enables them to thrive in different environmental conditions. This was first observed by Charles Darwin when he visited Galapagos Island in 1835 as part of his voyage on the HMS Beagle . Darwin noticed that the finches shared many similarities but exhibited differences in their beak shapes and sizes....

All living beings require energy to perform various life activities, and they gain this energy through cellular respiration. Based on the availability of oxygen, organisms undergo two types of respiration: aerobic and anaerobic. When the cell gets a sufficient supply of oxygen, it undergoes aerobic respiration, otherwise it performs anaerobic respiration. What is Aerobic Respiration Aerobic respiration is a form of cellular respiration in which glucose gets broken down in the presence of oxygen, releasing its stored biochemical energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)....

Beta decay is a type of radioactive decay where an unstable atomic nucleus releases a high-energy, fast-moving particle to become more stable. The particle emitted during a beta decay is known as a beta particle, which can be an electron or a positron. Through this process, the number of protons in the nucleus is altered, transforming the atom into a different element. Types of Beta Decay There are two types of beta decay: beta-minus and beta-plus ....

What is Friction Friction or frictional force is defined as the force that resists an object’s motion on a surface. The object can either be stationary or in motion relative to the surface. Friction occurs where the object is in contact with the surface. In other words, it takes place between two surfaces, and hence, is a contact force. Surfaces are not perfectly smooth. They consist of bumps and irregularities. When two surfaces come in contact, these bumps adhere and interlock, making it difficult for the surfaces to move....

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Incomplete dominance is a type of inheritance pattern in which one allele for a trait is not completely dominant over the other allele. It is nothing but a combined expression of the two alleles in the heterozygous condition producing a blend of the two individual phenotypes. Incomplete dominance is also called partial dominance or semi-dominance. Incomplete Dominance Although not the most common form of expression, polygenic traits such as height, weight, eye color, and skin color in plants, animals, and humans display incomplete dominance....

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Electromagnetic induction is governed by two fundamental laws – Faraday’s Law and Lenz’s Law. Faraday’s Law establishes a relationship between the induced emf (ε) and the magnetic flux rate (dφ/dt) in a conducting coil of N turns. It is given by the following formula. ε = – N dφ/dt However, the equation does not state anything about the conservation of energy. Lenz’s Law can explain energy conservation and the negative sign in Faraday’s Law equation....

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What are Stomata and Where are they Located Stomata (singular stoma) are tiny openings or pores found in the epidermis of leaves and young stems that helps in gas exchange. Pair of specialized bean-shaped cells called guard cells are found to surround each stoma. Just like animals breathe, plants do so with the help of stomata. Under the microscope, they appear dense or dark. Stomata also help to protect a plant from dehydration caused due to excessive loss of water....

Stress and Strain Stress is the force applied to a material divided by the area over which the force is applied. It quantifies the force acting on a material and helps to understand its response to different loads. Stress is denoted by the Greek symbol σ (sigma), and its formula is: Here, the area represents the surface area over which the force is distributed. It can be normal or tangential to the force....

Alcoholic fermentation, also called ethanol fermentation, is the anaerobic respiration pathway in yeasts where sugars are used as a substrate to form ethanol and carbon dioxide. In yeasts, this is an alternative respiratory pathway performed without oxygen. When oxygen is available, they immediately shift to the aerobic path. It is widely used in producing alcoholic beverages such as beer and wine. Where does Alcoholic Fermentation Occur Like all fermentations, alcoholic fermentation also occurs in the cytosol of yeasts such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae and some bacteria....

Dephosphorylation is the process in which phosphate groups (PO 4 3− ) are removed from an organic molecule, such as a protein, by a hydrolytic enzyme or hydrolase. It is thus the opposite of phosphorylation, where phosphate is added. Along with phosphorylation, it helps to activate or deactivate enzymes that cleave the ester bond by hydrolysis. A typical example of hydrolase is a phosphatase, which removes phosphate groups by hydrolyzing phosphoric acid monoesters forming a phosphate ion and a molecule having a free hydroxyl group....

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