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A light-emitting diode (LED) is a small electronic device that emits light when an electric current flows through it. LED works by passing electricity through a semiconductor, which releases energy in the form of light. This process makes an LED highly efficient, durable, and versatile, finding its applications in everyday devices such as smartphones, TVs, and home lighting systems. Understanding the working mechanism is important, as it allows us to appreciate its advantages and applications....

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The piezoelectric effect is a phenomenon where certain substances, called piezoelectric materials, generate an electric charge when they are squeezed, pressed, or otherwise put under mechanical stress. This effect happens because these materials have a specific internal crystal structure that allows electric charges to appear on the crystal’s surfaces when it is squeezed or stretched. How Does Piezoelectric Effect Work A crystal is a solid material where atoms or molecules are arranged in a highly organized structure, repeated in patterns based on a basic unit called the unit cell....

Restriction enzymes, or restriction endonucleases, are enzymes initially isolated from bacteria that cleave DNA at sequence-specific sites, producing known DNA fragments. They do not discriminate between the DNA of bacteria, fungi, mice, or humans. If they recognize their target site, they cut. These enzymes are widely found in bacteria and archaea, providing them with defense against invading bacteriophages. Inside a prokaryotic cell, the restriction enzymes selectively cut specific viral DNA sequences, a process known as restriction digestion....

The Schrodinger equation is one of the foundational equations in quantum mechanics, describing how fundamental particles like electrons behave on a microscopic scale. In quantum mechanics, particles are treated as waves spread out over space. It differs from classical mechanics, where objects have specific positions and velocities. The Schrodinger equation captures this wave-like nature mathematically, allowing us to calculate the possible positions, energies, and behaviors of particles within a system....

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Chemical energy is a form of potential energy that is stored in the bonds of a compound. It is released through chemical reactions in which old bonds break and new bonds form. The bond that stores the most chemical energy is the double bond. Chemical energy can be converted into other forms, like thermal and mechanical energy. Living beings need chemical energy to survive. Chemical energy sources are coal, petroleum, natural gas, biomass, and food....

DNA stands for Deoxyribonucleic acid, a macromolecule that carries genetic information in all living organisms, from the tiniest microorganisms to the most complex multicellular humans. DNA is a fundamental molecule that holds life’s blueprint. Within a eukaryotic cell (plant and animal), they are found inside the nucleus, distributed among its chromosomes. Chromosomes consist of thousands of short DNA segments called genes. In contrast, DNA is located within a central dense area called the nucleoid in a prokaryotic cell like bacteria....

We all are part of some chain when we consume food, which was once a living thing. Food chains that include and end with humans are human food chains. Humans are consumers and thus are ranked above the producers in any food chain. They rank at the top of any food chain, above the tertiary consumers, because they consume both plants (vegetables) and meat (other consumers) but are not eaten consistently by any animals....

A JFET, or Junction Field-Effect Transistor, is a type of field-effect transistor. It is a voltage-controlled device that controls the current between two terminals by applying a voltage to a third terminal. JFETs are known for their high input impedance and are commonly used in applications requiring low noise and high-frequency performance. Construction A JFET has three main terminals and a semiconductor channel, typically made from silicon or germanium. The three terminals are:...

What is the function of each part ?

A pressure-volume (PV) diagram is a graphical way of representing the relationship between the pressure and volume of an ideal gas. A PV diagram is drawn for a thermodynamic process occurring in a closed system, where there is no exchange of matter and energy between the system and its surroundings. The relationship between pressure and volume is causal, meaning a change in one results in a change in the other....

What is Root Hair Root hairs are tiny, unicellular, hairlike outgrowth present on the outer surface of plant roots. They extend from the outer layer of a plant cell called the epidermis. Root hairs are continually being sloughed off by the soil and regrown. The primary function of root hair is to absorb water and nutrients from the soil. A single root can have millions of root hair cells, increasing the overall surface area for water absorption....

Sexual selection is a special mode of natural selection in which the mating preferences of one sex determine the phenotype of the other sex within a species. It relates to the ability of an organism to obtain and successfully compete for copulation with its mate. Unlike the different types of natural selection, which focus on an organism’s survival and ability to pass on its genes, sexual selection depends on an individual’s reproductive success....

What is Thigmotropism Thigmotropism, also known as haptotropism or stereotropism, is a kind of tropic movement in which plant parts grow or move in response to touch or contact with a solid object. In simple terms, a plant alters its regular pattern or direction of growth due to an external touch stimulus. Though it mainly occurs in twining plants and tendrils, it can also be found in flowering plants and fungi....

Impulse refers to the impact of a force when it is applied over a certain time interval. Let us take the example of kicking a soccer ball to describe impulse. The harder and longer you kick the ball, the faster it moves. Thus, the effect of a force is not only determined by its strength but also by how long it acts. Mathematical Formula Impulse is mathematically defined as the product of force and the time interval during which the force acts:...

Cell division is a process in which a parent cell divides to form two or more daughter cells. It is usually a part of the cell cycle that helps to repair or replace dead or damaged cells in all living organisms. In higher animals, it also helps organisms to grow and survive. Astonishingly, nearly two trillion cells divide the human body daily! However, cell division is different in single-celled prokaryotes and multicellular eukaryotes....

Chemiosmosis is the process by which hydrogen ions (protons) diffuse to the other side of the biological membrane from high to low concentration. It creates a difference in their concentration (electrochemical gradient) between the two sides of the semi-permeable membrane. The gradient energy synthesizes adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in the cell. It is the final part of oxidative phosphorylation. The initial part is the electron transport chain. Where Does Chemiosmosis Occur In eukaryotes, chemiosmosis occurs in the mitochondria during aerobic cellular respiration and in the chloroplasts during photosynthesis....

What are Conservative and Non-conservative Forces A conservative force is a force in which the work done moving a particle from one position to another depends on the initial and final positions and not on the path. It follows the law of conservation of energy. The sum of the potential and kinetic energies remains unchanged as the path progresses. The total work done by a conservative force around a closed path is zero....

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