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What is Geotropism Geotropism, also known as gravitropism, is a type of tropic movement in which plant plants grow in response to gravity. It is mainly observed in the growing parts of the plant, such as root and shoot. In the terms ‘geotropism’ or ‘gravitropism’, the words ‘geo’ and ‘gravi’ correspond to ‘earth’ and ‘gravitational force’ respectively. The other word ‘tropism’ refers to the ‘tropic movement’, i.e., directional growth of plant parts in response to any external stimulus, such as light, water, touch, chemical, or gravity....

Hysteresis is a concept that refers to the lag between the input and output of a system, particularly concerning changes in temperature, pressure, or magnetic fields. When a magnetic material is subjected to an external magnetic field, its atomic and molecular dipoles align with the applied field. This alignment results in the material becoming magnetized. However, when the external field is removed, some materials lose their magnetism almost entirely, while others retain a significant portion....

What is Inflorescence in Plants The inflorescence is the way how flowers are arranged on the floral axis of a plant. It is an aggregation or cluster of flowers displayed in a specific pattern for a particular plant species. The stem holding this whole reproductive portion of a plant is called a peduncle. The major axis above the peduncle called rachis bears the flowers or secondary branches. Also, each flower stalk in the inflorescence is referred to as a pedicel....

The world ocean covers more than 70 percent or two-thirds of the Earth’s total surface area and 97 percent of all its water. It is a massive continuous saltwater body measuring almost 361.9 million square kilometers. The ocean is so large that oceanographers estimate less than 20% has been explored to date. Five different basins comprise the world ocean: Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, Southern, and the Arctic. With an average of 3,700 meters depth, the ocean is divided into several zones....

What is a Light-Dependent Reaction A light-dependent reaction or light reaction is a chemical reaction that takes place in the presence of light. It is also known as ‘photolysis,’ meaning occurring in the presence of light. For example, plants use sunlight to prepare their food through photosynthesis, which is discussed in this article. Photosynthesis occurs in two phases: 1) in the presence of light, called light-dependent reaction, and 2) in the absence of light, called light-independent reaction or dark reaction, also known as the Calvin cycle....

Nitrification is an essential step in the nitrogen cycle of soil, water, and wastewater treatments. It involves the biological oxidation of ammonia (NH 3 ) or ammonium (NH 4 + ) to nitrite (NO 2 – ) and then from nitrite (NO 2 – ) to nitrate (NO 3 – ). Thus it involves two steps, as shown below. Nitrification Each step is catalyzed by functionally distinct groups of microbes known as nitrifiers....

Planck’s law explains the spectral density of blackbody radiation as a function of its equilibrium temperature. It is named after German physicist Max Planck, who derived the law in 1900. Planck assumed that the radiation source is atoms that oscillate, and the vibrational energy of the atomic oscillators comes in discrete packets called quanta. Planck hypothesized that when an oscillator jumps from a higher energy state, E 1, to a low energy state, E 2, the difference in energy between the two states is proportional to the frequency ν at which the radiation is emitted....

Plant evolution is the process by which simple aquatic plants like algae have evolved and diversified over almost 500 million years due to genetic variations, natural selection, and adaptation to environmental conditions to become successful on land. According to a study, plant evolution happened in two bursts that are almost 250 million years apart. Seeds were formed in the first burst, whereas the latter burst led to the diversification of flowering plants....

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Definition: What is a Simple Pendulum? A pendulum is a device that is found in wall clocks. It consists of a weight (bob) suspended from a pivot by a string or a very light rod so that it can swing freely. When displaced to an initial angle and released, the pendulum will swing back and forth with a periodic motion. By applying Newton’s second law of motion for rotational systems, the equation of motion for the pendulum may be obtained....

What is Strong Nuclear Force The strong nuclear force is a force between the fundamental particles that constitute the nucleus. It can be between two protons, two neutrons, or a proton and a neutron. The interaction between quarks, which are the smallest particles that constitute protons and neutrons, is also mediated through the strong force. It is an attractive force responsible for holding the particles together, thereby making atoms and matter stable....

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What is Motion A motion is defined by the change in an object’s position with time. Anything that moves is considered motion. Everything we see in front of us involves motion of some sort. A book falling off a table, the Moon revolving around the Earth, and a racing car on its track all describe motion. The physical quantities that define motion include distance, displacement, speed, and time. What are the Types of Motion Types of Motion...

Mutation refers to any change in a gene’s DNA or nucleotide sequence. Many different types of mutations can occur within the genome of living organisms. They are grouped into two major types based on the type of cell where it occurs. Germline Mutations are mutations that occur only in the reproductive cells or gametes. Such mutations transmit to every cell of the offspring. Somatic mutations occur in other cells (somatic cells) of the body apart from germ cells....

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What is the Carbon Cycle? The circulation of carbon on earth in which atmospheric carbon dioxide is converted to organic nutrients through photosynthesis and is again converted back to the inorganic state by respiration, decay, or combustion. The atmosphere, the oceans, vegetation, rocks, and soil forms the major carbon reserve of our planet. Carbon Cycle Diagram Who discovered the Carbon Cycle? Antoine Lavoisier and Joseph Priestley discovered the carbon cycle in the 18th century, which was later popularized by Humphry Davy....

Curie temperature, also known as the Curie point, is a temperature that marks a significant phase transition in magnetic materials, particularly ferromagnetic substances. Below this temperature, these materials exhibit strong spontaneous magnetization, meaning they are naturally magnetic. Above this temperature, they lose their magnetization and become paramagnetic. It means they respond to an external magnetic field but do not retain their magnetization when the field is removed. Another way of saying it is that Curie temperature refers to the maximum temperature a material can reach before losing its magnetic properties....

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In a material, electrons can occupy different energy levels. At absolute zero temperature (0 Kelvin), the electrons fill up the energy levels starting from the lowest. The Fermi level is the highest energy level that an electron can occupy at absolute zero temperature. In other words, the Fermi level is like a dividing line that helps us understand how electrons are distributed in a material. Below the Fermi level, energy levels are mostly filled with electrons, and above it, energy levels are mostly empty....