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An extrinsic semiconductor is a semiconductor material that has been intentionally modified by adding a small amount of another element to a pure or intrinsic semiconductor, like silicon and germanium. The additional element is known as a dopant or impurity, and the process of adding a dopant to an intrinsic semiconductor is known as doping. Adding a dopant increases electrical conductivity. The choice of dopant is a critical factor in semiconductor manufacturing, influencing the performance and applications of electronic devices....

Definition: What is Fundamental Frequency? The lowest or base frequency produced by any instrument producing sound is known as the fundamental frequency. Typically, it is the lowest resonant frequency of any vibrating object that displays a periodic waveform. A sine wave is the simplest of all waveforms and contains only a single fundamental frequency. Almost all musical sounds have waves that are noticeably more complex than a sine wave. It is the addition of harmonics and overtones to a wave that makes it possible to distinguish between different sounds and instruments....

What is a Hypertonic Solution A solution having a higher solute concentration or lower water content than another solution is known as a hypertonic solution (Latin ‘hyper’ means ‘over’ or ‘above’). Whether a solution is hypertonic or not is measured by comparing the concentration of a solution with another, generally cell sap. Seawater, sugar syrup, corn syrup are some common examples of hypertonic solutions. What it Does in a Cell Generally as the cell interior has higher solute concentration (hypertonic), it means that the extracellular medium is low in solutes (hypotonic)....

MOSFET, short for Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistor, is a type of field-effect transistor that can control the flow of electrical current. It is used for amplifying or switching electronic signals. MOSFETs are widely used in various applications, including computers and smartphones, because they are efficient, fast, and can be miniaturized. Construction The construction of a MOSFET involves various layers and components. Substrate : The substrate is the foundation of the MOSFET and is usually made of silicon....

Volcanos are massive openings or vents on the Earth’s surface. Hot lava, gases, ash, rock fragments, and toxic fumes erupt from them. They are the most potent internal forces of nature that have existed for a long time on Earth. Originating deep within the crust, they have a lasting impression on the landscape. Volcanoes have created almost 80 percent of our planet’s surface, making the foundation on which lives thrive....

An atom consists of three fundamental particles: an electron, a proton, and a neutron. However, scientific discoveries have come thick and fast over the past century. Understanding the structure of the atom has led to the discovery of some more elementary particles. One of them is quark. What are Quarks Quarks are a fundamental building block (size ~10 −18 m) of matter found in an atom. The other one is leptons....

Rayleigh scattering is a phenomenon in physics that occurs when light waves interact with particles or molecules smaller than the wavelength of light. Typically, it refers to the scattering of light by particles or molecules in the atmosphere. When sunlight passes through the Earth’s atmosphere, it interacts with air molecules, dust particles, and other small particles present in the atmosphere. This interaction causes the light to scatter in various directions....

Definition: What is Refraction? Refraction is a phenomenon when a ray of light traveling through a medium changes (bends) its direction upon entering into another medium. The two media are separated by an interface through which the ray enters the second medium. Refraction is a commonly occurring everyday phenomenon. Rays of light passing through the air are refracted by a denser medium like glass or water. Lenses and mirrors, for example, are used in many optical systems that can bend light....

Rotational kinetic energy, also known as angular kinetic energy, is the energy an object possesses due to its rotation around an axis. This energy arises from the object’s moment of inertia (which measures the resistance to rotation) and the angular velocity (the rate of its rotation). Unlike translational kinetic energy, which relates to an object’s linear motion, rotational kinetic energy pertains to its spinning motion. Understanding rotational kinetic energy allows us to analyze spinning tops, rotating wheels, and celestial bodies like planets....

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Spectrophotometry is a technique used to measure how much light a substance absorbs at different wavelengths. When light passes through a sample, the molecules in the sample absorb some of it, and the rest passes through. By analyzing how much light is absorbed at specific wavelengths, we can learn important information about the substance, such as its concentration or chemical composition. Principle Spectrophotometry is built on the principle of light and its interaction with matter....

This article helped break down the cell cycle for me so much!! Concise and easy to follow with great diagram. Thank you so much for your work!

The de Broglie wavelength is a fundamental concept in quantum mechanics that profoundly explains particle behavior at the quantum level. According to de Broglie hypothesis, particles like electrons, atoms, and molecules exhibit wave-like and particle-like properties. This concept was introduced by French physicist Louis de Broglie in his doctoral thesis in 1924, revolutionizing our understanding of the nature of matter. de Broglie Equation A fundamental equation core to de Broglie hypothesis establishes the relationship between a particle’s wavelength and momentum....

The levels of organization in an ecological system refer to the different organizational hierarchies with their sizes that make up the ecosystem. There are five levels of organization in the ecosystem. They are arranged from smallest to largest in the following order: Levels of Ecological Organization 1. Organism It is the lowest level of organization in an ecosystem. An organism or individual is a single organism, plant, animal, or microorganism, such as bacteria and fungi, capable of independent existence, functioning independently, and can reproduce....

Moment of inertia, also known as rotational inertia or angular mass, is a physical quantity that resists a rigid body’s rotational motion. It is analogous to mass in translational motion. It determines the torque required to rotate an object by a given angular acceleration. Moment of inertia does not restrict itself to a rigid body only. It also applies to a system of particles rotating about a common axis. How to Calculate Moment of Inertia Point Mass...

After the DNA is replicated during cell division, the cell needs them to convert to RNA for forming proteins. The process of converting the DNA sequence of a gene to an RNA molecule is called transcription. The enzyme carrying out transcription is called RNA polymerase. Transcription is almost similar in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Here, we will discuss transcription by describing the process in the bacterium Escherichia coli . Where does Transcription Occur in Prokaryotes...

Velocity and acceleration describe the motion of an object and are related. Both are measurable quantities with magnitude and direction. However, there are similarities and differences between the two. Velocity vs. Acceleration Velocity is a measure of the rate of change of displacement. When an object moves from one position to another, it is said to be displaced. The value of displacement over time gives the velocity. Its direction is along the displacement....

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The hydrogen atom, the simplest atom in the universe, consists of one proton and one electron. The proton is positively charged and located at the center of the atom (nucleus), while the electron, which is negatively charged, orbits the nucleus. The electron occupies specific energy levels, which can be visualized as steps on a staircase. Electrons can move between these levels, but they cannot exist in between them. The closer the electron is to the nucleus, the lower its energy level; the further away, the higher the energy level....

Compton scattering is a fundamental process in physics that describes the interaction between a photon and an electron. This phenomenon occurs when a high-energy photon collides with an electron, resulting in the photon losing some of its energy. When a photon interacts with an electron, it transfers some of its energy to the electron. This transfer causes the photon to change its wavelength and direction, resulting in scattering. Compton scattering played a crucial role in confirming the particle nature of light....