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Plant growth is an irreversible increase in their size, mostly in length. Most plants grow throughout their life. As plants are multi-cellular organisms, they grow in two ways – cell growth and cell division. Cell growth increases the cell size, while cell division increases the cell number. With growth, the cells become specialized into different types, assuming specific functions. Factors Affecting Plant Growth 1. Light Sunlight provides the energy needed to convert water and carbon dioxide into food (carbohydrates)....

Consumers found above the tertiary consumers in a food chain, or food web, are called quaternary consumers. They reside at the last trophic level in the food chain and have no natural predators. Thus, in most cases, they are the top predators, or apex predators, in the ecosystem. In the ecological pyramid shown, the hawk is the Quaternary Consumer. Quaternary Consumer in the Food Chain Quaternary consumers primarily feed on tertiary and secondary consumers....

Symmetry is the arrangement of body parts such that they can be divided equally along an imaginary line or axis. Considering various organisms’ different shapes and orientations, scientists have developed three basic types of symmetry – radial, bilateral, or asymmetrical. Types of Symmetry in Biology Radial symmetry is the arrangement of body parts around a central axis. It is similar to the sun’s rays or a sliced pie. Radially symmetrical organisms have a top and a bottom surface....

Definition: What is Reflecting Telescope? Reflecting telescope, also called a reflector, is a telescope that uses a combination of curved mirrors that reflect light and form an image of a distant object. In astronomy, it is used to examine the visible region of the electromagnetic spectrum as well as the shorter (ultraviolet) and longer (infrared) wavelength regions adjacent to it. Reflecting telescope is so-called because the primary mirror reflects the light to a focus instead of refracting it....

Vegetative propagation is a method of making a new plant from the parts of a parent plant, such as leaves, roots, and stems. Since the process involves the reproduction of plants without seeds, it is a form of asexual reproduction in plants. It is widely used to make copies of plants in large numbers in a short period. The majority of plants found in nurseries were all made through vegetative propagation....

The Weak Nuclear Force was first predicted by Enrico Fermi. The first theory of the Weak Nuclear Force was formulated as V-A by George Sudarshan and Robert Marshak, and later, independently formulated by Richard Feynman. Weinberg, Glashow and Salam were the first to combine the electromagnetic force and the weak nuclear force into a single theory, called the Electro-weak theory, for which they received the Nobel Prize in 1979.

A circular or curvilinear motion describes the motion of an object in a curve path. When the object moves along a curve path from one position to another, the angular displacement quantifies how much it has moved. It is the angle by which the object is displaced, as shown in the image below. Angular displacement is analogous to linear displacement. However, during linear displacement, the object moves in a linear path....

The term biogeochemical is derived from ‘bio’ meaning ‘biosphere’, ‘geo’ meaning ‘the geological components’, and ‘chemical,’ meaning the elements move through a cycle. Energy flows directionally through the ecosystem, entering as sunlight (for photoautotrophs) or inorganic molecules (for chemoautotrophs) and leaving as heat. The ways in which inorganic elements and some inorganic or organic compounds move between the various living and nonliving forms based on their locations on earth are called biogeochemical cycles....

Chemoheterotrophs are heterotrophic organisms and, thus, unlike chemoautotrophs, cannot synthesize their food. They derive carbon synthesized by other living organisms. Chemoheterotrophs are vital for sustaining life on Earth. It was predicted that the first living organism to evolve on Earth was a marine chemoheterotrophic bacteria. Examples of Chemoheterotrophs All animals, including humans, fungi such as mushrooms, and many bacteria such as E. coli and archaea in the hydrothermal vents are examples of chemoheterotrophs....

Chromoplast is one of the three main plastids found in plant cells, along with chloroplast and leucoplast. Within a plant cell, they are found in the cytoplasm. Chromoplasts are colored plastids imparting different colors to fruits, flowers, roots, and dying leaves due to the presence of the pigment carotenoid. Chromoplast In Greek, ‘chroma’ means ‘color’, which gives this plastid its name. Characteristics of Chromoplast They have a double-layered membrane with circular DNA....

Elasticity is the property of a material that allows it to return to its original shape after being deformed. When a force is applied to an object, it deforms, altering its shape. If the object is elastic, it will return to its original shape once the force is removed. Such behavior is known as elastic deformation . An example of elasticity is stretching a rubber band . When a rubber band is stretched, it deforms....

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Electromagnetism is a branch of physics that establishes the relationship between electricity and magnetism. A magnetic field affects moving charges, resulting in an induced current. Moving charges produce magnetic fields. Therefore, the perception that magnetism and electricity are closely intertwined is correct. What is Electromagnetic Force The electromagnetic force is the force of interaction between electrically charged particles, like electrons and protons, either stationary or moving. It consists of two distinct forces – electric force and magnetic force....

Learn the different trophic levels of an energy pyramid and how they interact. The given worksheets will help you test your skills and find where to improve. Suitable for: Grade 6, Grade 7 Energy Pyramid Worksheet Download PDF Energy Pyramid Practice Worksheet Download PDF 10 Percent Rule Energy Pyramid Worksheet Download PDF Building an Energy Pyramid Worksheet Download PDF Ecological Energy Pyramid Worksheet Download PDF Ten Percent Rule Energy Pyramid Worksheet...

Gap junctions are a group of intercellular channels that establish direct connections between neighboring cells in animals. They are also known as communicating junctions, macula communicans, or nexuses. They are one of the four categories of cell-cell junctions, along with tight junctions, adhering junctions, and desmosomes. Similar to plasmodesmata in plant cells, gap junctions allow the passing of ions, small molecules, and electrical signals between two or more animal cells, facilitating communication between them....

What is Phagocytosis Phagocytosis combines two Greek words, where ‘phagein’ means ‘to eat’ and ‘kytos’ denotes ‘cell’. It is a class of endocytosis where specific living cells ingest or engulf other cells or particles of size greater than 0.5 μm, forming a vesicular structure. The cell that performs phagocytosis is called a phagocyte, and the vesicular structure is called a phagosome. Canadian physician William Osler first observed this phenomenon in 1876....

A PNP transistor is a type of bipolar junction transistor (BJT) that plays a crucial role in electronic circuits. It consists of three layers of doped semiconductor material – the emitter , base , and collector . The current flow is controlled by the movement of these charge carriers across the junctions between these three layers. Symbol A PNP transistor is commonly represented in circuit diagrams using specific graphical symbols to denote its components and functionality....

The principle of superposition states that when two or more waves overlap in space, the resultant disturbance is the sum of their individual disturbances. A necessary condition for the superposition principle is that the amplitudes must be small such that the waves do not scatter or change form. Superposition is an important concept as it can explain many phenomena in physics. The interference and diffraction of waves and standing waves are based on the superposition principle....

Raman spectroscopy is a technique commonly used to identify molecules in the field of Chemistry by their vibrational, rotational and other low-frequency modes. It takes the help of spectroscopy, the interaction of matter with electromagnetic radiation, to show its results. Raman Spectroscopy History The Raman Effect was discovered in 1928 by the Indian physicists Sir C.V. Raman and K.S. Krishnan, who identified the effect in liquids causedf by sunlight. A narrow band photographic filter was used to produce monochromatic light....

The membrane potential of an inactive or resting neuron is called the resting membrane potential (RMP) or resting potential. It refers to the unequal concentrations of electrical charge between the interior and exterior of a cell when it is at rest. It is measured in millivolts (mV). The cell’s interior is negatively charged in most resting neurons compared to the exterior. The potential difference across the membrane is about 50 to 75 mV....