Radiometry deals with the measurement and study of electromagnetic radiation, specifically focusing on the properties and behavior of light. It involves quantifying various radiometric quantities associated with the optical portion of electromagnetic radiation, which is further divided into ultraviolet, visible, and infrared. Radiometry is important because it provides quantitative information about light and its interaction with matter. By accurately measuring these radiometric quantities, scientists can understand the physical characteristics and behaviors of light in different environments....

Sporulation or spore formation is the process of producing spores from the actively dividing (vegetative) cells. They are commonly found in bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and some plants such as ferns and mosses. The term ‘spore’ comes from the Greek word for seed. When does Sporulation Occur Sporulation is a strategy used to overcome and adapt to unfavorable environmental conditions such as scarcity of nutrients, extreme heat and temperature, lack of moisture, and survival....

The endosymbiotic theory is a scientific theory that proposes that some of the organelles in the eukaryotic cells, such as mitochondria and chloroplast, have originated from free-living prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea). Endosymbiosis is the relationship between two organisms when one lives within the other organism, eventually benefiting both partners. The endosymbiotic theory explains that when one organism, typically a microbe, takes up residence within the cell of another organism, over time, they form a close relationship that can be advantageous for both partners....

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What is a Vacuole The term vacuole has its origin in the Latin word ‘vacuus’, meaning ’empty’, as it appears void under the microscope. It is a membrane-bound cell organelle that is devoid of cytoplasm and usually filled with cell sap. They are present in all plant and fungal cells but only in a few protist, animal, and bacterial cells. The size and shape of vacuoles vary from one to another, being the largest in plants....

on concept of vector

Brownian motion is the random movement of tiny particles suspended in a fluid, like liquid or gas. This movement occurs even if there is no external force. Their random motion is due to collisions. When particles collide with surrounding molecules, they move randomly, like colliding billiard balls. Brownian Motion Brownian motion is named after Scottish botanist Robert Brown, who first described the phenomenon in 1827. However, it was not until 1905 that Albert Einstein explained the theory in his publication on pollen movement in a liquid assisted by the liquid molecules....

This diagram appears to be extremely self contradictiory. In the chart it says that a chromosome is absent of a centromere which implies ecept all of the figures show the presence of a centromere including the one labeled “chromosome with one chromatid.” The “chromosome with one chromatid” label points to a structure with two stands attached by a centromere, the “one” implying that the stand itself is a chromatid except your own definition says that a chromatid has TWO strands connected by a centromere which would mean the whole structure is one chromatid even though your label says it is a chromosome with one chromatid....

Contractile vacuole is a specialized membrane-bound osmoregulatory organelle mainly found in microorganisms, like protists. As the name suggests, it contracts and expands to check the cellular water flow. Where are Contractile Vacuoles Found Contractile vacuoles are primarily found in freshwater protists, such as amoeba, paramecium, and euglena. They also occur in lower metazoans, such as sponges and hydras. Contractile Vacuole Function: What does the Contractile Vacuole Do The contractile vacuole acts as a key regulator of cellular water flow, thus maintaining water balance in the cell....

Definition: What is Convex Mirror? A convex mirror is a curved mirror that forms a part of a sphere and designed in such a way that light falling on its shiny surface diverges upon reflection. Hence, it is also called a diverging mirror. It cannot be used to produce real images. The image produced by a convex mirror is called a virtual image. It is formed behind the mirror, upright, and diminished but increases in size up to the object size as the object approaches closer to the mirror....

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What is Mitosis Mitosis is a method of cell division where the mother cell divides to produce two genetically identical daughter cells.Itis similar in both plants and animals. In lower animals such as amoeba, mitosis is a means of asexual reproduction without the involvement of sex cells or gametes. The term ‘mitosis’ was coined by Walther Flemming in 1882 and derived from the Greek word ‘mitos’ meaning ‘warp thread’. Example: Healing of wounds, where damaged cells are replaced and repaired by forming new cells....

Polymerase chain reaction, known as PCR, is an experimental technique used to produce millions and millions of copies of DNA or RNA (nucleic acid) samples. It was developed by Kary Mullis and his colleagues in the 1980s, around the time the Human Genome Project was being planned. Principle It is based on the process of DNA replication, where a specific DNA polymerase known as taq polymerase, isolated from the bacterium Thermus aquaticus , is utilized....

The change in potential energy with an object’s position can be plotted as a graph. Such graphs are known as potential energy graphs. By plotting potential energy against the position, one can learn the various physical properties of the system. A system will try to minimize its potential energy to achieve stability. Let us look at a few real-life examples that can be studied from potential energy graphs. Free Falling Objects Near Earth’s Surface An object subjected to a free fall near the surface of the Earth will experience acceleration due to gravity....

Relative velocity is the motion of one object as seen from another object that is also moving. This concept helps describe how fast one object seems to move relative to another. For example, if two cars are moving in the same direction, the car behind will appear to move slower than its actual speed because the car in front is also moving. Understanding relative velocity becomes clearer when we look at it from the perspective of reference frames, which help us describe motion based on where the observer is located....

The Sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) is a unique form of smooth endoplasmic reticulum of skeletal muscle cells. Like the endoplasmic reticulum of other cells, it is a network of closed sac-like membranes found distributed throughout the cell. It spans the sarcomere and encloses the contractile myofilaments in striated muscle cells. The primary function of SR is to store and release calcium ions (Ca 2+ ) during muscle contraction and relaxation. Structure of Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Studies with an electron microscope revealed that in skeletal muscles, the SR is organized into numerous interconnected tubules and sacs forming a network of longitudinal elements, known as longitudinal SR (l-SR) , surrounding each myofibril....

You have made outstanding worksheet about Seed germinations thanks. Mrs Gilani (primary school)

A tundra food chain shows the flow of energy in the tundra ecosystem, starting from producers to the top-level consumers and, finally, the decomposers. The tundra biome is the coldest among all biomes on Earth. They are distributed in North America, Europe, Asia, and coastal Antarctica. The tundra is a frozen desert; thus, the diversity of living organisms is relatively low. However, the plants and animals that thrive in such conditions display specific adaptations of their bodies, diets, and survival methods....

What is Adenosine Diphosphate Adenosine diphosphate (ADP), also called adenosine pyrophosphate (APP), is an essential organic compound found in living cells. It gets interconverted into adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and adenosine monophosphate (AMP) during the energy transfer process. Thus, it has an essential role in the energy flow of cells. Structure ADP is composed of three components or parts: Adenine – a nitrogenous base (purine base) Ribose – a pentose sugar Phosphate group This adenine and ribose sugar combine to form a nucleoside, adenosine....