What is Bacteria Bacteria are disease-causing, microscopic, single-celled organisms with prokaryotic cell structures. They do not have membrane-bound organelles, including a true nucleus. Being the lowest and simplest form of life, they are found almost everywhere on earth and thus, are the most dominant living creature. Bacteria are thought to have been the first living organism to appear on earth about 4 billion years ago. Dutch scientist Antonie van Leeuwenhoek first observed bacteria in 1676, using an ordinary microscope....

The bulk modulus or volume modulus is a property that determines how much a material resists being squeezed or compressed. When pressure is applied to a material, its volume typically decreases, becoming smaller. The bulk modulus quantifies the change in a material’s volume when subjected to increased pressure. In simple terms, the bulk modulus indicates how “rigid” or “compressible” a material is when pressure is applied. Materials with a high bulk modulus, like metals or diamonds, are harder to compress, while materials with a low bulk modulus, like rubber or air, are easier to compress....

A direct current (DC) circuit is an electrical circuit in which the electric current flows in one direction. A standard battery is used as a source of current that powers the circuit. Ohms’s Law in DC Circuit The flow of direct current is governed by Ohm’s Law, which states that the current (I) flowing through a conductor is directly proportional to the voltage (V) applied across it and inversely proportional to the resistance (R) of the conductor....

Faraday’s Law of Induction is false! I am referring to the version which employs the total derivative. The one which employs the partial derivative is the Maxwell-Faraday Law, which is one of Maxwell’s equations, and is subsumed in Faraday’s Law. Faraday’s Law describes a fictitious phenomenon. It is pseudoscience. Consider an expanding circuit in a static magnetic field whose field lines are orthogonal to the plane of the circuit. There will be a motional emf in the circuit due to the motion of the conductor through the magnetic field....

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Diamond, an important allotrope of carbon, is one of the best-known examples of allotropes among all chemical elements. Carbon atoms arranged in a highly organized lattice structure form the radiant diamond crystals. However, it is not always clear how the crystals are formed, with there being multiple theories regarding it ― some more likely than the others. Diamond in Original Raw Form Do Diamonds Come from Coal Although it is often taught to children that diamond is a result of metamorphism of coal, meaning that coal itself turns into diamonds due to immense pressure and heat underground, this theory has been proven to be incorrect....

Illuminance serves as the quantitative backbone for understanding how light interacts with surfaces. It represents the quantity of light falling onto a given surface area. Conceptually, it signifies the brightness that an observer would perceive on a surface under the influence of incident light. Illuminance is not merely about the surface’s inherent properties but rather the amount of light it receives. Formula Mathematically, illuminance (E) is expressed as the ratio of luminous flux (Φ) incident onto a surface to the surface area (A) receiving that flux....

What is a Star? A star is a giant sphere of extremely hot, luminous gas (mostly hydrogen and helium) held together by gravity. A few examples of well-known stars are Pollux, Sirius, Vega, Polaris, and our own Sun. Stars are essentially the building blocks of galaxies and are the source of all the heavier elements. Their age, composition, and distribution are essential for studying the Universe. Therefore, we must study stellar evolution in detail....

What is Newton’s First Law Newton’s first law states that “An object at rest stays at rest, and object in motion stays at a constant speed and in a straight line unless acted upon by force” . There are two parts to this law. One part predicts the behavior of an object at rest, and the other part predicts when it is moving. According to Newton’s first law, An object at rest cannot move unless there is a force to make it move....

What are Tectonic Plates Tectonic plates are large, irregular-shaped slabs of rock making up the Earth’s crust and upper mantle. They are found to float on top of a semi-liquid layer of rock called the asthenosphere. Plate Tectonic Theory Plate Tectonic Theory Who Discovered Plate Tectonic Theory Plate tectonic theory began in 1915 when Alfred Wegener proposed his theory of continental drift. Later, between the 1950s and 1970s, Wegner’s theory was updated and accepted to form the plate tectonic theory and became the modern version of continental drift....

Proteolysis is the process of breaking proteins into peptides and amino acids in living organisms. It is a prolonged process catalyzed by specific enzymes called proteases, which are present in bacteria and plants but most abundant in animals. Without these enzymes, the cleavage of protein bonds may take hundreds of years. It is a vital process in humans and animals that helps to maintain cellular functions such as regulation of metabolism, maintaining cell structure, and transportation....

What are Sedimentary Rocks Along with igneous rocks and metamorphic rocks, sedimentary rocks are one of the principal rock types found on Earth. They form when weathered rock particles are subjected to extreme heat and pressure. The formation of sedimentary rocks takes place anywhere between thousands of years to millions of years. What are Sedimentary Rocks Made of They are made from deposits of preexisting rocks or remains of once-living organisms due to the compression of ocean sediments and other processes....

What is Simple Diffusion Simple diffusion is defined as the movement of substances like ions, atoms, and molecules from an area of their higher concentration to lower concentration without the involvement of any other molecules like a carrier protein. Simple Diffusion How does Simple Diffusion Work and What happens during the Process It is a natural phenomenon where the particles move along a concentration gradient in a solution through a semipermeable membrane to attain equilibrium on both sides....

Superconductivity is a phenomenon observed in certain materials called superconductors. When these materials are cooled to very low temperatures, they exhibit two remarkable properties: zero electrical resistance and the expulsion of magnetic fields (Meissner effect). These properties allow superconductors to conduct electricity without energy loss, making them highly efficient. The discovery of superconductivity in 1911 by Dutch physicist Heike Kamerlingh Onnes was a groundbreaking development in condensed matter physics. Characteristics of Superconductors Critical Temperature (TC) In the context of superconductivity, the critical temperature (T C ) is the temperature below which a material becomes superconducting....

What are Angiosperms and Gymnosperms Angiosperms and gymnosperms are both seed-bearing, vascular land plants on earth. Angiosperms are flowering plants with seeds enclosed within an ovary, which later develops into a fruit. They are the largest and the most diverse group within the plant kingdom, which make up almost 80% of all plant species on earth. The term ‘angiosperm’ is derived from the Greek words’ ‘angeion’, meaning ‘vessels’ and ‘sperma’, meaning ‘seed’....

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Fatty acids are one primary energy source in tissues with high energy demand, such as the brain and heart. Like carbohydrates, fatty acids are oxidized by breaking down their long-chain acyl-CoA molecules to acetyl-CoA. The process of breaking down fatty acids in living cells is called β-oxidation. Where Does Beta Oxidation Occur β-oxidation is a multistep process that occurs in the cytoplasm of prokaryotic cells. In eukaryotes, it takes place in the mitochondria of the heart, skeletal muscle, and liver cells....

DNA polymerases are enzymes that synthesize new copies of DNA, the double-stranded genetic material of our cell. Just before a cell divides during cell division, DNA polymerases copy the double-stranded parent strand into two identical DNA molecules by a process known as DNA replication. These enzymes add nucleotides to the growing chain one by one, complementing the opposite strand. Nowadays, scientists use DNA polymerase to copy the parent template strand for large-scale production of DNA through the polymerase chain reaction or PCR....

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The parallel axis theorem gives a relationship between the moment of inertia of a rigid body about an arbitrary axis and the moment of inertia about an axis passing through the center of mass and parallel to the former. The theorem states, “ The moment of inertia of a body about an arbitrary axis is equal to the sum of its moment of inertia about a parallel axis passing through its center of mass and the product of its mass and the square of the distance between the two axes ....