A taproot is the thick main root of a plant that grows vertically downward into the soil from which smaller lateral roots branch out. Taproots have a prominent central axis, unlike fibrous roots that are fine and branching. These roots are typically thicker and longer than lateral roots, helping the plant anchor firmly into the ground and penetrate deeply. Roots of dicot plants have a taproot system. Carrots, radishes, beets, and parsnips are examples of dicot plants bearing a taproot....

Topoisomerases, or DNA topoisomerases, are enzymes that create single or double-stranded nicks in DNA during its replication or transcription to relieve the stress in a supercoiled DNA molecule. Thus, topoisomerases change the topology of the DNA strand. The first DNA topoisomerase was discovered by James Wang in 1971. It was initially named omega protein and is now called Escherichia coli topoisomerase I. Structurally, topoisomerases have a catalytic core involved in the cleavage and rejoining DNA strands, a DNA-binding domain, and an optional ATP binding site found in some enzymes....

Definition: What is Total Internal Reflection? Total internal reflection (TIR) is the phenomenon in which a ray of light traveling from a denser medium to a rarer medium is reflected in the denser medium at the interface between the two media. Total internal reflection occurs when the angle of incidence is greater than a certain angle, called a critical angle. If the angle of incidence is equal to or less than the critical angle, then TIR will not occur [1-3] ....

In linear dynamics, the product of mass and velocity gives linear momentum. In rotational dynamics, the angular momentum of a point object is defined as the product of the linear momentum and the perpendicular distance from the axis of rotation. For a stationary spinning object, angular momentum is defined as the product of the moment of inertia and angular velocity. It is a vector quantity and has both magnitude and direction....

When an electric current flows through a conductor, it generates a magnetic field around it. The Biot-Savart Law is a mathematical equation that allows us to calculate this magnetic field produced by a small segment of the conductor. This law is particularly useful in understanding the magnetic fields created by different types of conductors, such as straight wires, loops, and coils. Statement Referring to the image below, the Biot-Savart Law states that the magnetic field contribution from a small segment of a current-carrying conductor depends on the following factors:...

A bipolar junction transistor (BJT) is a three-layered device that helps conduct the flow of electricity. It consists of both types of extrinsic semiconductor: P-type and N-type. A BJT can be compared to a sandwich with three layers of doped semiconductors (which come from semiconductor doping). These layers are called the emitter, base, and collector. The BJT works based on the movement of charge carriers, like electrons and holes, between the layers....

What is Electric Flux The number of electric field lines or electric lines of force passing through a given surface area is called electric flux. The area can be in air or vacuum. It can also be inside or on the surface of a solid conductor. The number of lines passing per unit area gives the electric field strength in that region. Electric Flux Electric Flux Equation All flat surfaces have an area associated with them....

Food chains describe who eats whom in the wild. Learn its different components and their interdependence in nature. Our collection of worksheets will help you to understand and improve your concept. Suitable for : Grade 5, Grade 6 Food Chain Trophic Levels Worksheet with Answers Download PDF Food Chain Worksheet 1st Grade Download PDF Food Chain Worksheet Download PDF Food Chains Worksheet KS3 Download PDF Free Food Chain Worksheets 4th Grade...

Once you learn the different levels of ecological organizations, solving the given worksheets will help you to be creative and make your own levels of ecological organizations. Suitable for : Grade 5, Grade 6 Ecosystem Levels of Organization Worksheet Download PDF Levels of Ecological Organization Worksheet Download PDF Levels of Organization Ecology Worksheet Download PDF Levels of Organization in an Ecosystem Worksheet Download PDF Levels of Organization in Ecology Worksheet...

why cant light polariztion change by 90degrees, unless you break up the polarization in steps… eg, 10 degrees for on polairzer, etc, 10 deg, etc, 10 deg more… thus bending the polarization gradually

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What is Plasmolysis: Its Relation to Osmosis Plasmolysis is the process of contraction or shrinkage of the cytoplasm and the plasma membrane of a plant cell due to excessive water loss. It occurs under the influence of osmosis. Plasmolysis rarely happens in nature but is observed in extreme situations under strict laboratory conditions or during experiments. Apart from plant cells, it is also found to occur in bacteria. The state of a cell that went through plasmolysis is said to ‘plasmolyzed’....

What is a Solar Eclipse A solar eclipse is a natural phenomenon in which a portion of the earth goes under the shadow of the moon, which partially or fully blocks the sun’s rays from reaching the earth. Solar Eclipse What Causes a Solar Eclipse It occurs when the moon gets between the earth and the sun, and the moon casts a shadow over the earth, with all three celestial bodies aligned in a plane....

White blood cells (WBCs), or leukocytes, are a group of immune cells that helps our body to fight against infections. They are found throughout the body including connective tissues, bloodstream, and lymphatic system. WBCs are produced from specialized multipotent stem cells present in the bone marrow, commonly known as hematopoietic stem cells. All WBCs are nucleated cells that distinguish them from non-nucleated red blood cells (RBCs) and platelets. Normal WBC count is usually between 4 × 109/L and 1....

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The Diesel cycle is an essential concept in thermodynamics and internal combustion engines. It plays a crucial role in operating compression ignition engines, known as Diesel engines. The Diesel cycle is a thermodynamic cycle describing the conversion of fuel energy into useful work. Understanding the basics of the Diesel cycle is essential to understanding the mechanics and thermodynamics of these powerful machines. German inventor and mechanical engineer Rudolf Diesel invented the Diesel engine in 1893....

Fatty acids are long-chained hydrocarbons with a carboxyl group (COOH) at one end that build our body fats. The synthesis of fatty acids is a series of biochemical steps in the cytoplasm of the liver, adipose tissue cells, brain, liver, lungs, and mammary glands. Fatty Acid Synthesis Pathway Let us look at the various steps and mechanisms of the synthesis pathway. The synthesis starts with acetyl-CoA production in the mitochondria. It can occur either through glucose metabolism through glycolysis in the cytoplasm or β-oxidation of fatty acids in the mitochondria....

Luminous intensity refers to the quantity of visible light that a source emits per unit solid angle in a specific direction. It is a fundamental concept in photometry and helps gauge the brightness perceived by an observer from a particular source. In simpler terms, luminous intensity measures how bright a light appears to the human eye in a particular direction. This quantity is essential for technical and scientific purposes. It significantly impacts our daily lives, influencing how we perceive and interact with our environment....