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The central dogma is a theory that states how genetic information flows from DNA to RNA to protein. Here, the genetic codes of DNA are first transferred to RNA, which are then read to give off the final product, the protein. A basic flow chart of this statement would be: DNA → RNA → Protein Processes Involved in Central Dogma As stated, the central dogma involves two major processes for the expression of genetic information from DNA to RNA to protein....

Crystallization, a fundamental process in nature and industry, is pivotal in forming structured solids from liquids or gases. It involves the orderly arrangement of atoms, ions, or molecules into a highly organized, repeating pattern known as a crystal lattice. In other words, crystallization refers to transforming from a disordered, amorphous state to a well-defined, ordered crystalline structure. This process occurs through the formation of crystals, which are three-dimensional arrangements of atoms or molecules characterized by a repeating pattern....

Double fertilization is a fertilization mechanism in flowering plants or angiosperms. The process involves the fusion of one female gamete or egg cell (megagametophyte, or the embryo sac) with two male gametes (sperm cells). Out of the two sperm cells, one fertilizes the egg cell to produce a zygote, and the remaining one fuses with two polar nuclei producing endosperm. It is thus a part of the sexual reproductive process in such plants....

If you throw an object straight up, it will rise until gravity stops it and returns it to Earth. The force of gravity reduces as the distance from the center of the Earth increases. However, suppose you can throw the object with enough initial upward velocity so that decreasing force of gravity does not completely slow it to a complete stop. In that case, the velocity can always be high enough to overcome the Earth’s gravitational force....

Leaves are complex organs consisting of several layers serving various essential functions. They are the site of photosynthesis in plants, producing food. For cellular functions like photosynthesis and respiration, leaves require several cells and tissues to work in coordination. Different plant cell types form three main types of tissues in leaves. They are: Epidermis – The leaf’s outer (above and below) layer. Mesophyll – The inner layer sandwiched between two epidermis layers....

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What is Phototropism ‘Photo’ means light, and ‘tropism’ means turning. Phototropism is the movement of plants or other organisms, such as fungi, in the direction of light or away from it. Phototropism Types of Phototropic Movement Based on the orientation of a plant or other organisms in response to light, phototropism is of two types: Positive phototropism : Growing in the direction of a light source, as found in the plant shoot....

An RLC is an electrical circuit made up of three components: an inductor (L), which stores energy in a magnetic field; a resistor (R), which opposes the flow of current and dissipates energy as heat; and a capacitor (C), which stores energy in an electric field. These components can be connected in series or parallel in an alternating current (AC) circuit. Together, they affect the overall behavior of the circuit by controlling the flow of current, causing the circuit to exhibit a phenomenon known as resonance at a particular frequency where energy transfer is maximized....

Definition: What is the Single-Slit Diffraction? Single-slit diffraction is the most straightforward experimental setup where diffraction effects can be observed. When light passes through a slit whose width is on the order of the wavelength of light, a distinct diffraction pattern is observed on a screen that is kept at a certain distance from the slit. The intensity is a function of the angle through which the rays bend. Huygens’ Principle According to Huygens’ principle, every unobstructed point on a wavefront will act as a source of secondary spherical waves....

When an object rotates or revolves, it sweeps out an angle about an axis or a point. The difference between the initial and the final angular positions gives the angular displacement. The angular velocity is the rate at which the angular displacement changes. It tells us how fast the object is rotating about its axis or revolving around a fixed point. For instance, a spinning top has angular velocity. Angular velocity is also known as rotational velocity....

Curie’s Law is a fundamental principle in magnetism and solid-state physics. It focuses exclusively on the magnetic behavior of paramagnetic substances in the presence of an externally applied magnetic field. Curie’s Law is used for determining the magnetization of a paramagnetic substance. It states that the magnetization is directly related to the strength of the applied magnetic field, except when the material is subjected to heat, in which case the magnetization becomes inversely related to the temperature....

What is Endocytosis Endocytosis is the process of bringing substances inside a cell from the external environment with the help of the cell membrane. Through this method, cells acquire nutrients required for growth and reproduction. It is a form of the active transport mechanism and thus needs energy, in the form of ATP, to proceed. The word ‘endocytosis’ is derived from the Greek words ‘endon’, meaning ‘within’, ‘kytos’, meaning ‘cell’, and ‘-osis’, meaning ‘process’....

Ground tissue in plants comprises tissues that are neither dermal nor vascular. It is the most abundant part of any plant. It is found in all plant organs, including the root and the shoot system. They arise from the ground tissue meristem. It is essential because it helps plants grow, repair, regenerate after injury, and produce and store food as carbohydrates. Finally, ground tissue provides structural support in plants and the floating capacity in aquatic plants....

The igneous rocks are one of the three main types of rock found on earth; the others are sedimentary rock and metamorphic rock. They are the hardest and heaviest rock on earth. They are also called the ‘new’ rocks or magmatic rocks. Sometimes they are referred to as parent rock because all other rock types are formed from them. The term ‘Igneous’ is obtained from ‘igneus’, which is the Latin word meaning ‘fire’....

The lens maker’s formula is a key concept in optics that helps explain how lenses are designed to focus light effectively. It defines the relationship between a lens’s focal length, its material properties, and its curvature. It is expressed as: Where: – f is the focal length of the lens. – n is the refractive index of the lens material. – R 1 and R 2 are the radii of curvature of the two surfaces of the lens....

What is Newton’s Second Law Newton’s second law states that “ The acceleration of a moving object depends upon its mass and the force acting on it” . According to Newton’s second law, an object at rest starts to move when a force acts on it. This force causes the object to accelerate in the same direction as the force. The acceleration depends upon two factors – i. mass and ii....

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Our body performs many actions that are not under our control. The nervous system of our body detects stimuli and responds even before we become aware of them. Reflex action, or reflex, is one such response of our body. A reflex arc is a pathway that a nerve impulse follows during a reflex action. Reflex arcs are highly beneficial in situations that require a quick response and do not involve conscious thought....

The Rydberg formula is a mathematical expression used to predict the wavelengths of spectral lines of many chemical elements. It is particularly known for its application to the hydrogen atom, where it explains the wavelengths of the light emitted or absorbed when an electron transitions between energy levels. By linking these transitions to specific wavelengths, the Rydberg formula allows us to precisely describe the emission spectra of hydrogen, laying the groundwork for quantum mechanics....