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‘Sympatric’ is a Greek word meaning ‘same place.’ Sympatric speciation involves splitting an ancestral group into two or more reproductively isolated groups without any geographic isolation. It occurs when the diverging groups are in physical contact, interbreeding, and are involved in gene exchange. For this reason, the likelihood of sympatric speciation is lower, and it is one of the most controversial events. Sympatric speciation is more common in plants than animals....

A trp operon is a group of genes in prokaryotic DNA that encodes proteins involved in tryptophan synthesis, an essential amino acid in living organisms. When tryptophan levels are low in the bacterial cell, the trp operon is activated, promoting tryptophan synthesis. Conversely, when tryptophan is abundant, the trp operon is repressed, conserving energy by reducing the production of tryptophan. The trp operon is thus a repressible system. Components of the Trp Operon The trp operon consists of five key elements:...

The inside of plants is surrounded by the endodermis and consists of the xylem, phloem, and vascular cambium. The vascular cambium is mainly responsible for the secondary growth of the plant. In contrast to apical meristems in root and shoot tips, vascular cambium give rise to lateral meristems. They are closely intertwined with the xylem and phloem of the vascular bundle. However, it does not transport water, minerals, or food through the plant....

What isVolvox Volvox , commonly known as green algae, is a group of freshwater free-floating organisms, divided into about twenty species. They are primitive, multi-celled organisms belonging to the plant kingdom, forming a direct link between the lower single-celled organisms, and the higher complex organisms. It forms spherical or oval colonies, as small as the size of a pinhead with a hollow mucilaginous mass, with each colony containing almost 50,000 cells....

What is Carpel Carpel is the female reproductive part of a flower. A flower can have one or more carpels. All the carpels together are termed gynoecium or pistil. A pistil may contain a single carpel or multiple carpels fused together. Carpel Structure Carpel contains three parts: i) Stigma – Sticky, knob-like head of the carpel. ii) Style – Long, slender, stalk-like structure, connecting the stigma and ovary. iii) Ovary – Base of the carpel, containing the eggs or ovules....

Codominance is a form of inheritance where two alleles of the same gene are expressed roughly equal amounts in an organism. Thus, when alleles for a trait are codominant, both phenotypes are simultaneously displayed. Since it does not follow Mendel’s inheritance law, it is called a Non-Mendelian inheritance. Codominance It is commonly found in plants and animals having more than one pigment color. For example, if we cross a red and white flower with a codominant pattern, the offspring flower will have red and white patches....

Disruptive selection is one of the three modes of natural selection (the other two being stabilizing and directional selection), where the two extreme phenotypes are selected ( a higher fitness) over the intermediate ones. In such situations, there is an increase in the variation of a trait, and the population divides into two groups. Disruptive selection is the fewest of the three types of natural selection and can often lead to speciation....

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Irradiance refers to the amount of radiant power per unit area received from a radiation source. In other words, it measures how much energy is delivered to a given area from a specific source. For example, when we stand outside in the sun, we feel its warmth due to the Sun’s energy reaching us. To measure how much of this solar energy is hitting a specific area, like a square meter of ground, we use irradiance....

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After the law of segregation that explains the inheritance of a single characteristic related to one gene, Mendel questioned how characteristics related to two or more different genes get inherited. He found that inherited genes assort independently of one another, which Mendel put forward as the law of independent assortment. Law of Independent Assortment The law states that alleles of two or more different genes separate independently from the other into gametes that reproduce sexually....

In physics and mechanics, stress is defined as the force applied to a material divided by the area over which the force is distributed. Shear stress occurs when this force acts along the surface of an object rather than pressing directly into it. A simple way to visualize shear stress is to consider a block resting on a table, as shown in the image below. If the block is pushed on the side while the bottom stays in place due to friction, it will start to deform slightly....

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Based on the arrangement of the lamina, the broad, thin, flattened surface of the leaf, leaves are broadly of two types: simple and compound. What is a Compound Leaf A compound leaf is composed of multiple leaflets attached to the midvein, having their own stalks. Each leaflet of a compound leaf remains attached to the main stem by a short stem-like structure called the rachis. Examples: Neem, clover, rose, hickory, walnut, pecan, ash....

Like every food chain, the organisms in a grassland food chain are divided into each tropic level. At the base reside the producers, followed by primary consumers, secondary consumers, tertiary consumers, and apex predators. Grassland Food Chain In a grassland food chain, the grass is the producer. It produces food using the sun’s energy. The primary consumers follow the producers. Insects like grasshoppers are primary grasslands consumers as they depend on the green plant for their food (herbivores)....

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Micropropagation is the large-scale propagation of plant clones under laboratory conditions using tissue culture techniques. Micropropagation involves using plant tissues, such as cells, organs, or whole plants, to produce new plants in a disease-free (aseptic) environment. The process begins with selecting a small, healthy piece of plant tissue, often called an explant, grown in a nutrient-rich medium. Steps of Micropropagation Micropropagation Micropropagation involves the following six steps: Stage 0: Selection of Explant An explant, the starting material for micropropagation is chosen from a healthy and disease-free plant....

What are Newton’s Laws of Motion Newton’s laws of motion are a set of three laws that govern the motion of an object. They describe a relationship between the motion and the forces acting on the object. Newton’s laws are important because they set up the foundations of classical physics and revolutionized our understanding of the motion of objects. The laws have been named after English mathematician and physicist Sir Isaac Newton....

What is Sliding Friction Sliding friction is considered a resistance to an object’s motion when it slides over a surface. Consider a box lying on a floor. Its surface is in contact with the surface of the floor. When a person pushes the box, it slides over the floor. However, the person has to overcome the resistance offered by the floor. This resistance is known as sliding friction. It is a type of kinetic friction in which two surfaces are in contact and moves relative to one another....