1- What are the CHEMICALS involved in heliotropism? 2- what is the chemical mechanism involved?

What is a Molecule Atoms are the basic or fundamental units of matter that rarely exist independently but combine to form different substances. Whenever two or more atoms combine, they form a molecule. It is the smallest unit of a chemical substance having all the properties of that substance. Molecules are neutral and carry no charge. If a molecule splits into smaller pieces, it makes different substances. Shown below is the water molecule (H 2 O)....

I appreciate your explanation. It is great. Could you also suggest the mathematical model behind this amazing physics?

Plant tissue culture is a technique plant breeders use to grow and reproduce new plants from pre-existing ones. It involves cultivating plant cells, tissues, or organs in an artificial medium under controlled temperature, light, and humidity. It is widely used nowadays to produce disease-free plants, including ornamental plants, food plants, and orchids, rapidly on a large scale and with desirable qualities. The process is known as micropropagation, when tissue culture is used to develop identical plants from a single parent....

A potential energy surface represents the potential energy of a collection of atoms in terms of their position in a well-defined coordinate system. In one-dimensional systems, the potential energy surface produces a potential energy curve. A potential energy curve depicts the characteristics of a substance. These include composition, bond length, microscopic structure, and microprocessing. These parameters heavily influence the shape of the curve. By studying a potential energy curve, we can clearly understand the properties of a substance....

What is Stigma Stigma is a part of the female reproductive structure of the flower. It comprises the pistil, a part of the gynoecium or female reproductive organ of a plant, together with two other structures, the style, and ovary. Stigma is a specially adapted portion of the pistil modified for pollen reception. Stigma Flower Location: Where is the Stigma Located on a Flower In most flowers, the pistil is usually located in the center of the flower....

German botanist, Albert Bernhard Frank, described the mutualistic relation in lichens as symbiosis in 1877. The following year, German mycologist, Heinrich Anton de Bary, defined symbiosis as the act of living together. The term ‘symbiosis’ is obtained from the Greek words sύν, meaning ‘together,’ and βίωsις, meaning ‘living.’ Symbiosis describes any long-term relationship or interaction between two organisms of different species. It is a long-term biological association where at least one or both organisms benefit....

All organisms are made of cells, each consisting of millions of proteins. Thus, proteins comprise the body of all organisms and are called the building blocks. Nevertheless, how are proteins made? Proteins synthesis occurs using the information in the DNA of a cell. The first step, called transcription, involves rewriting the information in DNA to mRNA. In contrast, the second step is called translation. Thus the main purpose of translation is to convert the information in mRNA into a particular sequence of amino acids (a polypeptide chain), forming a protein....

What is Transpiration Transpiration is the biological process by which water is released in the air as water vapor through minute pores called stomata. It occurs through the aerial parts of the plant, such as leaves, stems, and flowers. Transpiration How does Transpiration Work in Plants It happens during daytime when leaves absorb sunlight and get heated up causing water to evaporate from its surface. In order to make up for the lost water, plants absorb water through the roots which get distributed to all its aerial parts causing transpiration to continue....

What is Turgor Pressure Turgor pressure, also known as pressure potential or hydrostatic pressure, is the pressure exerted by the cell’s fluid content (e.g., water) against the cell wall. It is represented by the symbol ‘Ψp’. Turgor pressure is critical to a plant’s vital processes such as osmosis, transpiration, and photosynthesis. It is also found in bacteria, fungi, and protists but is absent in animal cells. Its value may be positive, negative, or zero....

There are three basic types of body symmetry found in living organisms – radial, bilateral, and asymmetrical. In this article, we will study bilateral symmetry. What is Bilateral Symmetry Bilateral symmetry refers to the body plan where a plane or axis divides the entire body into two equal halves. The plane is called the sagittal plane or central axis , and the two halves are mirror images of each other. The back part of the body is the dorsal or the posterior end, while the front part is the ventral or the anterior end....

A bridge rectifier is a type of full wave rectifier that converts AC signals into DC signals. An AC or alternating current flows in both directions, while a DC or direct current flows in one direction only. Therefore, by using both halves of the input, a bridge rectifier produces a smoother and more reliable DC output. Construction To construct a bridge rectifier, the following components are essential: Four diodes Load resistor AC source Diode Bridge Configuration The image below shows a simple circuit diagram....

Good pictures. Completely correct. Amond the many resources that get it right, see https://www.sciencefacts.net/centripetal-force.html . * In order to continue turning, an inward pointing centripetal force (static friction between tires and road in this case) is necessary. That force produces an inward centripetal acceleration which changes the direction of the velocity, hence the car turns. Even this resource makes a mistake, saying about the centrifugal force, “The outward force that the passengers feel in a car....

A Field-Effect Transistor, or FET, is a type of transistor that controls current flow through a semiconductor channel using an electric field. It is like a regular switch that controls electricity. FET is a voltage-controlled device. By applying voltage to one part, one can control how much current flows through another part. A FET is called a unipolar transistor because only electrons or holes operate as charge carriers. How Does a FET Work To understand how a FET works, let us look at its three main components: source, drain, and gate....

Hemidesmosomes (HD) are specialized anchoring junctions found in basal epithelial cells connecting them to their underlying basement membrane. They are crucial in tissues under constant stress, such as the skin, cornea, parts of the gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts, esophagus, amnion, and vagina. They are responsible for providing them with strength and rigidity. Together with intermediate filaments, hemidesmosomes provide the overall strength and stability of epithelial tissues. They are also called half-desmosomes due to their structural resemblance to desmosomes, which are intercellular junctions that hold adjacent cells together....

What is a Hypotonic Solution A solution is considered hypotonic if it contains a lower solute concentration or higher water content than another solution. The Greek word ‘ hypo ’ stands for ‘under’ or ‘low’, whereas ‘tonic’ is derived from ‘tonicity’, which means ‘relative concentration of a solution’. It is a relative term and can only be measured by comparing two solutions. Generally, it is compared to the cytosolic fluid (the fluid present inside a cell)....

What is Nuclear Force The nuclear force is the force between the particles in the nucleus of an atom. It can be between two protons, two neutrons, or between a proton and a neutron. The nuclear force is attractive. It binds the protons and neutrons together and is responsible for the stability of the nucleus. It is a short-range force with a range of the order of the proton dimension, which falls off to zero at a specific distance....

The ocean or marine food chain shows the relationship among the organisms living in the ocean. Since organisms live underwater, they differ from those dwelling in terrestrial environments. Food chains are different from one oceanic environment to another. The marine biome is the largest worldwide, covering three-quarters of the Earth’s surface. About 15% of all the species living on Earth, containing almost 300,000 species, are marine dwellers. The marine ecosystem consists of a series of interconnected producers and consumers....

What Is Osmosis Osmosis is defined as the spontaneous movement of solvent molecules from a region of low solute concentration to a region of high solute concentration through a semipermeable membrane in order to equalize their concentrations on both sides of the membrane. Osmosis What Causes Osmosis and Why does it Occur When two solutions of different concentration are separated by a semipermeable membrane, the water molecules tend to move from the region of low solute concentration (high water potential) towards high solute concentration (low water potential), to equalize their concentration on both sides of the membrane or attain a state of equilibrium....

The enzyme ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate-carboxylase/oxygenase (RuBisCO) is a critical enzyme in photosynthesis. Its primary function is to incorporate carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) into an organic molecule during the first stage of the Calvin cycle. RuBisCO makes up almost 30% of the soluble protein in a typical plant leaf. However, sometimes it uses a different substrate instead of CO 2 , thus initiating an alternative pathway. Photorespiration , also known as oxidative photosynthetic carbon cycle or C2 photosynthesis, is a process found in normal C3 plant respiration....