Plants are a group of diverse, living organisms that are found almost everywhere on earth. Some grow on land, while others thrive on water. They can survive and reproduce in moderate to extreme climatic conditions depending upon the plant species. Different Types of Plants There are different ways of classifying plants. The most common classification is based on their growth parameters, such as height, longevity, and growth habits. Accordingly, plants are classified into five primary types: 1) herbs, 2) shrubs, 3) trees, 4) creepers, and 5) climbers....

Weather is the state of the atmosphere during a given time at a given place. It is affected by several different atmospheric factors and the location. Factors Affecting Weather There are different types of elements affecting the weather. They are: 1. Temperature It indicates how fast air molecules and atoms are moving in the atmosphere. If the atoms are moving fast, the temperature is high, but if they are moving slow, the temperature is low....

A photon is the most basic, discrete packet of energy that light or any electromagnetic wave can exist in. It is an elementary particle with no mass and no electric charge, yet it carries both energy and momentum, allowing it to travel through space and interact with matter. Historical Development The concept of the photon significantly changed how scientists understand light and energy. In the early 1900s, Albert Einstein proposed the idea of light as tiny energy packets, or quanta, while studying the photoelectric effect – a phenomenon where light shining on a metal can release electrons....

The PN junction is a key concept in semiconductor physics and is the foundation for many electronic devices, such as smartphones and computers. It is formed when two types of extrinsic semiconductor, P-type and N-type, are brought into contact. The P-type semiconductor contains excess positively charged carriers or holes, while the N-type semiconductor contains excess negatively charged carriers or electrons. The importance of a PN junction lies in its ability to regulate the flow of electrical current, a feature exploited in various electronic applications like rectifiers in power supplies and LEDs in electronic devices....

What is Snell’s Law? When a ray of light travels from a rarer medium to a denser medium, it bends towards the normal at the interface between the two media. Similarly, when the ray travels from a denser medium to the rarer medium, it bends away from the normal. This phenomenon is called refraction. Snell’s law gives a relationship between the angles of incidence and refraction. In order to understand this relationship, it is critical to know the refractive indices of the two mediums....

Wheatstone bridge is an electrical circuit measuring unknown electrical resistances with high precision. It can be accomplished by balancing two legs of a bridge circuit, with one leg consisting of the unknown component. Wheatstone bridge was invented by Samuel Hunter Christie in 1833 and later popularized by Sir Charles Wheatstone in 1843, hence its name. Construction and Principle The Wheatstone bridge circuit consists of four resistive elements (R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , and R X ) arranged in a diamond shape, forming two parallel branches, as shown in the image below....

Bacteriophages, also known as phages, are those viruses that infect and reproduce within bacteria. They are ubiquitously found and are the most abundant biological agent on Earth. The most commonly studied bacteriophage, the T4 phage, is a virus that infects E. coli . They were independently discovered by Frederick W. Twort in 1915 and Félix d’Hérelle in 1917. D’Hérelle coined the term ‘bacteriophage,’ meaning ‘bacteria eater.’ Structure of Bacteriophages Like other viruses, bacteriophages vary in size and morphology....

The Cori cycle, also called the lactic acid cycle, is a metabolic pathway in which lactic acid produced in the muscles by anaerobic glycolysis is first converted to glucose in the liver and then moved back to the muscles for further metabolism. It was named after its discoverers, Carl Ferdinand Cori and Gerty Cori, in 1929. Where Does the Cori Cycle Occur The Cori cycle is an essential metabolic pathway involving multiple organs and tissues working together to manage energy levels during intense physical activity....

One of best explaination of Doppler effect.

The equation for kinetic energy in the graphic is wrong. You have 1/2mBf * VAf^2 instead of 1/2mAf * VAf^2

A cell is the smallest unit of structure in an organism that can function independently. Based on complexity in structure and parts, all cells are divided into prokaryotic and eukaryotic. This article discusses eukaryotic cells and their unique characteristics, parts, and functions in the organisms’ life cycles. What is a Eukaryotic Cell The term ‘eukaryote’ is derived from Greek words, ‘eu’ meaning true and ‘karyon’ meaning ‘nucleus’. Eukaryotic cells are defined as cells that contain an organized nucleus and membrane-bound organelles....

What is Facilitated Diffusion It is a type of diffusion occurring in living cells where the molecules move from the region of their higher concentration to the region of lower concentration guided by a helper protein molecule. The helper protein is usually an integral membrane protein that forms a pore or channel in the cell membrane. Facilitated diffusion is a passive transport mechanism and thus requires no energy expenditure by the cell....

The diagram may be mislabeled. Perhaps R and RT are the wrong way around.

What is Photoperiodism? Photoperiodism is a phenomenon that occurs in living organisms like plants and animals. It is defined as the developmental response to the length of day and night. The relative period of day and night is called photoperiod. While photoperiodism is a common occurrence in plants, animals are also found to respond to light, although differently. Plants flower and produce fruits only during a particular season and a specific time of the year....

Radiance refers to the amount of radiant energy emitted, transmitted, or reflected by a surface or object per second, per unit solid angle, and per unit projected area. It measures how much light travels in a specific direction from a surface. It is like describing the brightness of light not just from one spot but considering both the size of the area it is coming from and its direction. Simply put, radiance measures how much light comes from a specific area in a specific direction....

What is Reverse Osmosis (RO) It is a technique of purifying water by removing dissolved impurities such as ions and minerals from the solution. In reverse osmosis, water is passed through a selectively permeable membrane from a region of high solute concentration to a region of low solute concentration through the application of external pressure, thus in a direction opposite to that found in normal osmosis. Reverse Osmosis Principle of Reverse Osmosis It works opposite to the principle of osmosis, the natural tendency of water with dissolved solutes to flow through a membrane from low to high solute concentration....

A unit cell is a fundamental concept in understanding the structure of crystalline materials. It is the smallest repeating unit in a crystal and forms the basic building block for understanding the arrangement of atoms, ions, or molecules. A crystal can be considered the same unit cell repeated in three dimensions. The concept of a unit cell is essential because it allows scientists to analyze the arrangement of atoms within crystals....

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Archaea, formerly known as ‘archaebacteria,’ are a group of single-celled, prokaryotic organisms belonging to the domain Archaea. Apart from Archaea, Bacteria and Eukarya are the other two domains of life that currently exist. The Discovery of the Kingdom Achaea Until the 20th century, all living organisms were classified as plants or animals. However, organisms like fungi, protists, and bacteria could not be placed into either of the domains. Thus, this classification system lost popularity in the 1950s and 1960s....

I am very sceptical about that myth involving the measuring the volume of displaced water, which then, and even now, would be a very inaccurate method. I suggest that Archimedes’ eureka moment involved the balancing a piece of gold and the crown on a beam balance in air, then, without moving the gold or crown, immersing each in water. If the crown was an alloy less dense than the gold, the gold would sink revealing the fraud....