The Protozoa is a subkingdom of the kingdom Protista. However, in the classical system, they were placed in the kingdom Animalia. Protozoa are unicellular eukaryotic microorganisms having a membrane-bound nucleus and other organelles within their cells. Despite their small size, they are incredibly diverse and exist in various aquatic and terrestrial environments worldwide. More than 50,000 species are known, most of which are free-living organisms. Some common examples of protozoa are Amoeba proteus , Paramecium caudatum , Euglena gracilis , Plasmodium falciparum , and Trypanosoma brucei ....

An RL circuit is a type of electrical circuit that consists of two key components – a resistor (R) and an inductor (L), connected either in series or parallel with each other. These circuits are used to analyze and control the behavior of current and voltage in an electrical system. How Does an RL Circuit Work Resistors are devices that oppose the flow of electric current, and their main function in a circuit is to convert electrical energy into heat....

What is Rolling Friction When an object rolls over the surface, it experiences resistance to its motion. This resistive force is a type of kinetic friction and known as rolling friction. The point at which the object is in contact with the surface is critical in understanding rolling friction. At this point, both the object and the surface deform due to factors like elasticity, weight, and roughness. The cause of rolling friction is this deformation....

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Natural resources are raw materials found on and below the Earth’s surface. They are naturally occurring materials formed without any human intervention. Examples of Natural Resources Earth’s most common natural resources are sunlight, air, water, soil, stone, plants, animals, and fossil fuels. They are essential for humanity to fulfill necessities like food, building, and clothing. They produce electricity, fuel for transportation, and make fertilizers. However, items such as plastic goods, metal bodies, fabrics, and concrete are not natural resources but are obtained from them....

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A bacterial capsule is a viscous, gelatinous layer or envelope that surrounds the cell wall of some bacterial cell. It provides bacteria the ability to cause disease (virulence) in the host organisms they reside, making them pathogenic. Bacterium carrying a capsule is called capsulated. Bacterial Capsule They exist in both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. The capsule is immediately above the murein (peptidoglycan) layer of gram-positive bacteria such as Streptococcus pneumonia ....

What is Bernoulli’s Principle Fluid dynamics is a branch of physics and engineering that studies the behavior of fluid in motion. Bernoulli’s principle states that the total mechanical energy of a streamlined fluid, including pressure, kinetic, and potential energies, remains constant throughout the flow. In other words, an increase in the speed of a fluid co-occurs with a decrease in fluid pressure or potential energy. In practical terms, a slow-flowing fluid exerts more pressure than a fast-flowing fluid....

What is Binary Fission Binary Fission, meaning ‘getting divided into half’ is a type of asexual reproduction where a single living cell grows twice its size and then splits to form two identical daughter cells, each carrying a copy of the parent cell’s genetic material. Examples of cells that use binary fission for division Bacteria, archaea, and cyanobacteria (prokaryotes), as well as amoeba and Paramecium (eukaryotes) use binary fission as their primary mode of reproduction....

Cats have a unique tendency to survive a fall. When a cat jumps or slips from a tall building and lands on flat ground, it can absorb the impact of landing. The reason is that a cat’s terminal velocity is sufficiently low and much less than a human’s. The following equation gives the terminal velocity. [v_{T} = \sqrt{\frac{2mg}{C\rho_{air} A}} ] Let us calculate the terminal velocity of a cat using the following values....

What is Diffusion Diffusion is defined as the movement of atoms, ions, and molecules from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration, or ‘down their concentration gradient’. The word ‘diffusion’ is derived from the Latin word, ‘diffundere’, meaning ‘to spread out’. Diffusion What Causes Diffusion and What Happens During the Process The random movement of ‘molecules existing in any state of solid, liquid, or gas’ increases the kinetic energy of the system....

A full wave rectifier is an electronic circuit that converts alternating current (AC) to direct current (DC). An AC current flows in both directions, while a DC current flows in one direction only. An AC signal comprises a wave that rises above and falls below a central line, called a sinusoidal wave. A full wave rectifier rectifies the AC signal during both halves. It flips the negative half into a positive one, resulting in a continuous current flow in a single direction....

Intermediate filaments (IFs) are one of the primary components of the cell cytoskeleton, along with microtubules and microfilaments. They are made of multiple strands of fibrous proteins wound together, each consisting of amino acids arranged in a chain. IFs are dynamic, motile elements that interact with a range of cellular proteins to function. They are the most stable cytoskeletal component and thus provide mechanical strength to cells and tissues. Where are Intermediate Filaments Found They form an extensive network in the cytoplasm of most animal cells, extending from a ring surrounding the nucleus to the plasma membrane....

Photoheterotroph derives from the following words and their meanings: ‘Photo’ = light, ‘hetero’ = another, ‘troph’ = nourishment. Energy and Carbon Source Photoheterotrophs are organism in the food chain that uses sunlight as their energy source and organic compounds from the environment such as carbohydrates, fatty acids, and alcohols as the source of carbon. Unlike photolithotrophs, photoheterotrophic organisms cannot use carbon dioxide as their sole carbon source. They are microorganisms that cannot make their food like any autotrophs....

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