Specific heat is defined as the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of a unit mass of a substance by one degree Celsius. It plays a crucial role in understanding how different materials respond to heating and cooling and describes their ability to store and release thermal energy. For example, water has a higher specific heat than metals. It means that more heat is required to raise water’s temperature by one degree than metals’, as shown in the image below....

What is Acid Rain? Acid rain, also called acid deposition, is a broad term for any form of precipitation with high concentrations of sulfuric and nitric acids. According to the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), deposition can be wet such as in rain, fog, snow, mist, or dry, as in dust, gas, and smoke. The term ‘acid rain’ was used for the first time by Robert Angus Smith in 1852 while examining rainwater reaction from the U....

Directional selection is a form of natural selection in which an extreme trait or phenotype is favored over the other, causing the allele frequency to shift towards that phenotype. It is a negative natural selection that occurs due to sudden environmental changes or the migration of a species to a new geographic location with different ecological conditions. Directional selection is one of the common forms of natural selection. Charles Darwin first proposed this type of natural selection in ‘On the Origin of Species’ after observing the beak length of the Galapagos finches....

Earth is known as the only livable planet in the solar system. Earth’s temperature is relatively mild and stable, unlike other planets that experience extreme environments, either too hot or too cold. The temperature of the Earth is kept stable by the gases that constitute the Earth’s atmosphere. Climate scientists have recently spoken about how humans have dramatically changed the Earth’s environment over the past two centuries, increasing its average temperature....

The lysogenic cycle or lysogeny is one of the two viral reproductive lifecycles (the other one is the lytic cycle) characterized by integrating the viral genome into the host bacterial chromosome. It is also called a non-virulent infection since it does not kill the host. This state of genetic integration found in temperate phages such as the lambda (λ), Mu, P1, or N15 is known as prophage, and the bacterial host harboring a prophage is called a lysogen....

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An operon is the functional unit of genetic regulation found in prokaryotic cells, such as bacteria. It consists of a cluster of genes that work together as a single unit to give a single messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule, which then encodes multiple proteins. The two most widely studied operons are the lactose (lac) operon and tryptophan (trp) operon in Escherichia coli ( E. coli ). François Jacob and Jaques Monod first proposed the operon model of gene regulation in the lac operon of E....

Parasitism is a long-term, symbiotic relationship in which one organism, the parasite, lives on or within another organism, the host. The parasite derives nutrients, shelter, or other resources from the host, often harming the host’s well-being. Tapeworms, roundworms, and fleas are some examples of parasites. ‘Parasitism’ is derived from the Greek word ‘parasitos,’ meaning ‘one who eats at another’s table. The term was initially used to describe social relationships but later was adopted by scientists to describe biological interactions....

This article is very helpful but there is a little mistake. Ultraviolet radiation carries more energy than infrared. : )

Reynolds number is a term associated with fluid mechanics that predicts the pattern in which fluid flows under different situations. In other words, it determines whether a fluid flow is laminar or turbulent. The flow is laminar at a low Reynolds number, and at a high Reynolds number, the flow is turbulent. Reynolds number is widely applied to study liquid flow in pipes and airflow over aircraft’s wings. Reynolds Number...

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The electron micrograph shows rough ER, not smooth ER.

Surface tension is a phenomenon that occurs due to the cohesive forces of liquid molecules. The molecules on the surface of a liquid are attracted by their neighbors from the sides and bottom. As a result, the liquid surface forms a “skin” with minimum surface area and energy. Surface Tension What Causes Surface Tension Intermolecular forces like hydrogen bonding and Van der Waals forces hold the molecules together. Within the body of a liquid, molecules do not experience any force because the interactive forces from the neighboring molecules cancel out....

Stress is defined as the force applied to a material divided by the area over which the force is distributed. When this force acts perpendicular to the surface, it is termed normal force. It can be further classified into tensile (pulling) or compressive (pushing) forces. Tensile stress is the tensile force acting per unit area of the surface, resulting in the elongation of the object. An example of tensile stress is stretching a rubber band....

A penny is a flat object and does not weigh a lot (~2.5 g). Because of its low density, a penny does not experience much drag force. When thrown out of a building, it reaches its terminal velocity within 50 feet of drop. Let us now calculate its terminal velocity using the given equation. [v_{T} = \sqrt{\frac{2mg}{C\rho_{air} A}} ] For a penny, we have the following information: m = 2.5 g = 0....

You might have seen salt being sprinkled on frozen sidewalks and gutters in winter. It helps to melt the ice by lowering its freezing point, a phenomenon known as ‘freezing point depression’. Let’s go into the details of how this physical change happens. Table Salt Melting Ice How Does Table Salt Melt Ice Faster As we know, 0 o C or 32 o F is the freezing point of water, meaning it freezes into ice at that temperature....

The air in the atmosphere can hold only a certain amount of water vapor, which depends on the temperature and the atmospheric pressure. The more the temperature and the atmospheric pressure, the more the air can hold water vapor. The atmosphere is said to be saturated when a particular air volume has the maximum water vapor it can hold. Clouds form when: The air’s moisture has crossed the point of saturation due to evaporation....

In higher organisms, to fit their genetic material (DNA) inside the cell’s nucleus, they must be packaged into a highly compact structure known as chromatin. Nucleosomes are the fundamental repeating subunit of chromatin which repeats every 160 to 240 base pairs (bps) across the eukaryotic genome. The nucleosome is thus best described as the eukaryotic DNA associated with its histone proteins. Nucleosome Structure The nucleosome core particle (11 nm wide) comprises almost 146 bps of DNA sequence tightly wrapped around proteins....

What are Plastids Plastids are a group of double membrane-bound organelle found in almost all types of cells in plants and algae, and also in some other higher organisms. They were discovered and named by Ernst Haeckel, while A. F. W. Schimper was the first to define plastids. Origin They are thought to have been originated from a group of free-living photosynthetic bacteria known as cyanobacteria that live within other host organisms....

Definition: What is a Prism? A prism is a transparent 3-dimensional object made of glass and surrounded by intersecting planes, some of which are identical to one another. The most critical parameters of a prism are the angle and material that determines its purpose. While prism has a long history, the best-known experiment using prism was performed by Issac Newton in 1666, when he studied the dispersion of light. What Does a Prism Do?...